Mycological Indoor Air Quality Assessment of Ultra-Modern Market Grains’ Grinding Mills in Dutse, Northwest Nigeria

Adeleye Adeniyi  Olarewaju; Abdullahi  Ibrahim; Bate Garba Barde Barde; Amoo Florence  Kemi; Asaju Catherine  Iyabo; Yerima Mohammed Bello

doi:10.47540/ijias.v2i1.322

Authors

Adeleye Adeniyi Olarewaju Department of Environmental Sciences, Federal University Dutse, Nigeria
Abdullahi Ibrahim Department of Environmental Sciences, Federal University Dutse, Nigeria
Bate Garba Barde Barde Department of Environmental Sciences, Federal University Dutse, Nigeria
Amoo Florence Kemi Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Federal University Dutse, Nigeria
Asaju Catherine Iyabo Department of Environmental Sciences, Federal University Dutse, Nigeria
Yerima Mohammed Bello Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Federal University Dutse, Nigeria

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47540/ijias.v2i1.322

Keywords:

Colony Forming Unit, Grains, Grinding Mills, Indoor Air Quality, Mycology

Abstract

This research aimed to assess the mycological indoor air quality of the grains’ grinding mills situated in the Dutse ultra-modern market. A simple random sampling method was employed to select nine (9) shops where grains are milled. Settle plate method through the use of fifty-four (54) sterile sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) plates was adopted for fungal isolation in the morning, afternoon and evening. Fungal isolates were subsequently identified using standardized methods. Results obtained indicate that depending on the sampling period and operation status of the grinding mills, all the sampling points examined were heavily contaminated with total mean fungal load in the morning (4084 CFU/m³), evening (3867 CFU/m³), and afternoon (3818 CFU/m³). However, the mean fungal load obtained in the morning from shop C (6426 CFU/m³) was significantly different from other shops (p< 0.05) while the mean fungal loads obtained across all the shops in the afternoon and evening were not significantly different from each other (p> 0.005). Mucor plambeaus (22.22%), Aspergillus flavus (16.67%), Aspergillus niger (20.37%), Fusarium spp. (22.22%) and Penicillium spp. (18.52%) were isolated across the grinding mills. Results obtained indicate that depending on the time of the day and operation status of the grinding mills, the studied indoor environment allowed fungal aerosols to build up which could serve as a potential reservoir of fungal infections. It is therefore recommended that safety measures should be adopted with a view to reducing fungal pollution at the grains’ grinding mills.

References

Abed, E.Y. (2014). Assessment of Indoor Microbial Quality of Science Laboratories at Three Universities in Gaza City. A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Science in Environmental Sciences, The Islamic University – Gaza – Palestine. Available at

http://library.iugaza.edu.ps/thesis/114758.pdf.

Adeleye, A. O., Amoo, A. O., Omokhudu, G. I., Hassan, A., Olatomiwa, O. J. and Zakariyya, M. K. (2018). Indoor Air Quality Assessment of Federal University Dutse Library North West, Nigeria. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage., 22 (10): 1621-1624.

Amengialue, O. O., Okwu, G. I., Oladimeji, O. R. and Iwuchukwu, A. A. (2017). Microbiological Quality Assessment of Indoor Air of a Private University in Benin City, Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSRJPBS), 12 (3): 19-25.

Borrego, S., Guiamet, P., Gómez and Saravia, P. (2010). The Quality of Air at Archives and the Biodeterioration of Photographs. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 64 (2): 139-145.

Brągoszewska, E. and Biedroń, I. (2018) Indoor air quality and potential health risk impacts of exposure to antibiotic resistant bacteria in an office rooms in Southern Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research in Public Health, 15. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112604.Accessed on 23rd August, 2021.

Bünger, J., Antlauf-Lammers, M., Schulz, T.G., Westphal, G.A., Müller, M.M., Ruhnau, P. and Hallier, E. (2000). Health Complaints and Immunological Markers of Exposure to Bioaerosols among Biowaste Collectors and Compost Workers. Occup. Environ. Med., 57: 458-464.

Canha, N., Almeida, S. M., Freitas, M. C. and Wolterbeek, H. T. (2015). Assessment of Bioaerosols in Urban and Rural Primary Schools Using Passive and Active Sampling Methodologies. Archives of Environmental Protection, 41 (4): 11-22.

Dacarro, C., Grisoli, P., Del, F. G., Villani, S., Grignani, E. and Cottica, D. (2005). Micro‐organisms and Dust Exposure in an Italian Grain Mill. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 98 (1): 163-171.

Douwes, J., Thorne, P., Pearce, N. and Heederik, D. (2003). Bioaerosol health effects and exposure assessment: progress and prospects. Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 47 (3): 187-200.

Dutkiewicz, J., Krysin´ska-Traczyk, E., Sko´rska, C., Sitkowska, J., Prazmo, Z. and Urbanowicz, B. (2000). Exposure of Agricultural Workers to Airborne Microoorganisms and Endotoxin during Handling of Various Vegetable Products. Aerobiologia, 16: 193–198.

Enitan, S. S., Ihongbe, J. C., Ochei, J. O., Effedua, H. I., Adeyemi, O. and Phillips, T. (2017). Microbiological Assessment of Indoor Air Quality of Some Selected Private Primary Schools in Ilishan-Remo, Ogun state, Nigeria. International Journal of Medical and Health Research, 3(6): 08-19.

Fekadu, S. and Getachewu, B. (2015). Microbiological Assessment of Indoor Air of Teaching Hospital Wards: A Case of Jimma University Specialized Hospital. Ethiopian Journal of Health Science, 25 (2): 117-122.

Hassan, M. M., Fiddausi, U., Madinat, R., Muhammad, M., Sulaiman, M.A. and Munzali, S. Z. (2017). Isolation and Identification of Airborne Bacteria from Federal University Dutse Lecture Rooms. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, 6 (9): 16-19.

Hayleeyesus, S. F. and Manaye, A. M. (2014). Microbiological Quality of Indoor Air in University Libraries. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 4 (1): 312–317.

Kim, K. H., Kabir, E. and Jahan, S. A. (2018). Airborne Bio-aerosols and their Impact on Human Health. Journal of Environmental Science, 67: 23-35.

Kumari, N. K., Shravanthi, C. M. and Reddy, T. B. (2015). Identification and Assessment of Airborne Bacteria in Selected School Environments in Visakhapatnam, India. Indian Journal of Scientific Research and Technology, 3 (6): 21-25.

Madukasi, E. I., Dai, X., He, C. and Zhou, J. (2010). Potentials of Phototrophic Bacteria in Treating Pharmaceutical Wastewater. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 7 (1): 165-174.

McCormick, A., Loeffler, J. and Ebel. F. (2010). Aspergillus Fumigatus: Contours of an Opportunistic Human Pathogen. Cellular Microbiology, 12 (11): 1535-1543.

McMahon, S., Hope, J., Thrasher, J., Rea, W., Vinitsky, A. & Gray, M. (2012). Common Toxins in Our Homes, Schools and Workplaces. Global Indoor Health Network, Inc. Henderson, NV 89077-7308.

Meklin, T. (2002). Microbial Exposure and Health in Schools: Effects of Moisture Damage and Renovation. Academic Dissertation, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland. pp 1-81.

Naga, K., Mohan, M., Ramprasad, S. and Maruthi, Y. A. (2015). Microbiological Air Quality of Indoors in Primary and Secondary Schools of Visakhapatnam, India. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Science, 3 (8): 880-887.

Nejadkoorki, F. (2015). Current Air Quality Issues: Biological Contamination of Air in Indoor Spaces. Available at

https://www.intechopen.com/books/4572. Accessed on August 1st, 2021.

Onmek, N., Kongcharoen, J., Singtong, A., Penjumrus, A. and Junnoo, S. (2020). Environmental Factors and Ventilation Affect Concentrations of Microorganisms in Hospital Wards of Southern Thailand. Journal of Environmental and Public Health , 2020, 8 pages. Available at

https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7292198. Accessed on 28th July, 2021.

Sa’id, A. S. and Salihu, A. A. (2017). Microbiological Quality of Indoor Air in Some Selected Buildings at Modibbo Adamawa University of Technology, Yola. Umaru Musa Yar’adua University Journal of Microbiology, 3 (1): 1-5.

Sekulska, M., Piotraszewska-Pajak A., Szyszka A., Nowicki, M., and Filipiak, M. (2007). Microbiological Quality of Indoor Air in University Rooms. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 16 (4): 623-632.

Serna-Saldivar, S. O. (2012). Cereal Grains: Laboratory Reference and Procedures Manual. Food Preservation Technology. pp. 58.

Sundaram, P., Kamat, R. and Joshi, J.M. (2002) Flour mill lung: A pneumoconiosis of mixed aetiology. The Indian Journal of Chest Diseases and Allied Sciences, 44: 199-201.

U.S National Institution of Health (2014). Indoor air pollution. National Institute of Environmental Health Science. Retrieved from https://www.niehs.nih.gov. Accessed on 28th August, 2021.

Verde, S. C., Almeida, S. M., Matos, J., Guerreiro, D., Meneses, M., Faria, T. and Viegas, C. (2015). Microbiological Assessment of Indoor Air Quality at Different Hospital Sites.Research in Microbiology, 166 (7): 557–563.

Weidenborner, M., Wieczorek, C., Appel, S. and Kunz, B. (2000). Whole wheat and white wheat flour – the mycobiota and potential mycotoxins. Food Microbiology, 17: 103-107.

Würtz, H., Kildeso, J., Meyer, H. W. and Nielsen, J. B. (1999). A Pilot Study on Airborne Microorganisms in Danish Classrooms. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Edinburgh, Scotland.

Yassin, M. and Almouqatea, S. (2010). Assessment of airborne bacteria and fungi in an indoor and outdoor environment. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 7: 535-544.